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.As the army worked to developsound minds and bodies, soldiers often devised their own ways to bond with oneanother and enjoy their off-duty hours.The programs that army officials created andsoldiers reactions to them formed an important part of daily life experiences in thewartime army.BUILDING MORALETraining American soldiers to fight effectively on the battlefield meant more thaninstilling proper respect for military authority and conveying critical technical skills;American soldiers also needed a reason to fight.By 1917, low morale and mutinyplagued the British and the French armies.Allied advisors suggested that the Americanslearn from their mistakes and institute a comprehensive political education program toensure that troops went to war with the proper political convictions.Faced with theoverwhelming task of formulating its basic training program, the army pushed thesesuggestions aside and instead concentrated on perfecting the military expertise ofincoming troops.It took until May 1918 before a core of reformers within the armyfinally convinced the War Department to follow this advice and create the MoraleDivision. 58 WORLD WAR IRecruitment and War PropagandaWell before the creation of a formal agency charged with promoting a high sense ofpurpose among the troops, the War Department and army trainers recognized the impor-tance of giving men a reason to fight.Initially, the War Department relied on recruitmentposters to encapsulate the nation s wartime goals for soldiers.The short, pithy phrases thatadorned these posters were often less significant than the imagery they conveyed.Theseposters served the dual purpose of both enticing men into the service and underscoringwhy men needed to serve at all.Even those who waited for the draft, therefore, ended upreceiving their first dose of political indoctrination from the recruitment and war bondposters that soon became an omnipresent part of the American urban landscape.Wartime propaganda posters relied on messages of patriotism, shame, manliness,hate, and sympathy to rally young men to arms.A 1917 Army recruiting poster titled Destroy this mad brute depicted the Germans as savage beasts who raped, pillaged,and killed.In the poster, Europe lay in ruins behind a gorilla-like German soldier whocarried the limp and partially clothed figure of lady liberty as he walked across theAtlantic and reached American soil.This bestial image of Germany linked the Germansoldier s crimes against civilians with his government s violation of international law.Inaddition to breeding hate for an uncivilized enemy who threatened the very fabric ofWestern civilization, this poster also suggested that men needed to fight to protect theUnited States from invasion.Although the idea that German troops were on their wayacross the Atlantic was far-fetched, German U-boats were patrolling American waterson the lookout for merchant and troop ships.The club of kulture that the ape-like soldiercarried also reminded Americans to stay alert for the contaminating influences ofGerman culture (music, language, literature) within the United States.Many propaganda posters depicted honorable military service as a way to demon-strate healthy masculine virility.One recruitment poster asked men to consider OnWhich Side of the Window Are You? The image of a well-dressed, but slightly effem-inate, man hiding behind the curtain of his darkened home as he watches a group ofrobust, uniformed men march proudly together in the bright sunlight played on the fearsof many middle and upper-class men that the comforts of modern life had robbed themof their masculinity.Before the war, a rash of articles in popular magazines fretted overthe emasculating effect of urban and industrial life on American men.Rather thancelebrating this man s willingness to stand against the crowd, this poster depicts him asshamefully missing his chance to take his proper place alongside his countrymen.Asone Princeton-educated pilot put it, within the social circles he frequented to be youngand not in uniform in those days was a disgrace
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