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.uruknet.web.at.it/pic.php?f=nukes.gifAs the root of the present conflict is often stated as being Iranian non-compliance with the Nuc-lear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), it is useful to begin with NPT s present tat d me.3.1.1.The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) and Its ErosionIn 1970 the NPT came into existence through an exchange deal, even then highly controversial(ZUMACH 2005): The five permanent members of the U.N.Security Council i.e.the United States,the Soviet Union, China, France, and Great Britain were officially recognized as the only legiti-mate nuclear powers and further agreed to disarm their arsenals (NPT, Art.VI); as a counter-move the rest of the world renounced to get access to nuclear weapons of mass destruction, butreceived the unlimited right to use all available technologies for gaining nuclear energy in sitescontrolled by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA).However, this political exchangedeal of 1970 is now based on a rather volatile ground (ZUMACH 2005).Five reasons can be enu-merated for this:1.Lacking fulfillment of the treaty or even open violations against it by some of the by now188 NPT undersigning nations: Instead of fulfilling their disarmament duties, the five nuclearpowers go on developing military strategies around WMD.The United States is further moredeveloping new nuclear weapons, such as so-called mini nukes, (DPA 2005; BLAIR 2003) and isopenly menacing other states with preventive action (cf.NSS).Moreover Iran and other stateshave been temporarily running nuclear sites without reporting it to the IAEO.In one case Iranhas been highly enriching some grams uranium till a military nuclear dimension.What is more,the nuclear share of Germany and other NATO members in the American nuclear arsenal vi-olates the NPT (BRZOSKA & NEUNECK 2006: 15).32 2.Developments in some non-NPT countries: Israel, Pakistan, and India are admittedlynuclear powers.Besides that, North-Korea resigned from the NPT and further declared in spring2005 that it has nuclear warheads at its disposal.3.Wars and the threat of wars by the U.S.against countries of the South since the end of theEast-West conflict: In particular the Iraq War starting in spring 2003 as well as unveiled warthreats against so-called rogue States included both in the U.S.national military strategy (NSS)of September 2002 and in other government documents of the Bush II Administration havestrengthened the judgment in countries of the South that having nuclear weapons is the onlyremedy against a U.S.attack.4.The U.S.and EU claims vis--vis Iran in the current conflict, which go against the NPT:The United States and the European Union are demanding Iran to a lasting renunciation of ura-nium conversion and enrichment, despite the fact that both procedures intended for purposes ofgaining energy are explicitly allowed by the NPT.The Americans and in the meantime also theEuropeans pretend that with the instruments offered by the NPT the Iranian nuclear programcan not be reliably controlled.That s why an abuse of the uranium enrichment process for de-veloping nuclear weapons can not be prevented.This claim put forward by Washington andBrussels fully jeopardizes the NPT as a whole.Due to these reasons, one could argue that fromthe beginning the Western claim is doomed to fail (ZUMACH 2005).5.The rapprochement between the United States and India, especially the extensive nuc-lear cooperation with the latter, being not member of the NPT.Promising to deliver aid in thenuclear field, Washington thus breaches provisions of the NPT by simultaneously putting NewDelhi s atomic weapons program on legitimate grounds.MANUFACTURING AGLOBAL CRISIS: THE IRAN CONFLICT1.2.Historical Outline of Iran sNuclearProgram1.3.Dilemmas of Double-Standardand Dual-Use33 3.1.2.Historical Outline of Iran s Nuclear Program1957 The U.S.and Iran sign an agreement on civil nuclear cooperation as part of the U.S.Atomsfor Peace program.Aug.9, Iran signs the Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (PTBT), ratifying it on Dec.23
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