Psychology Paul Ekman Emotions Revealed (2)

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.Since surprise can be either positive ornegative, it is usually ignored.There are two problems with such asimple dichotomy.First, it ignores the very important differencesamong the so-called negative emotions: in what triggers each ofthose emotions; in how they feel; in what we are impelled to say anddo; in their facial and vocal signals; and in how people are likely torespond to us.The other problem is that even the so-called negativeemotions aren't always experienced as unpleasant.For some people*This is a serious problem in any type of lie detection.Polygraphers attempt to reduce an innocent person's fear of being wrongly judged by affirming the accuracy of the machine, but since it isn't very accurate and people increasingly know that, both the innocent and guilty person may manifest the same fear.an angry argument is enjoyable, and many people enjoy a good crywhen seeing a sad movie, to name just two examples.On the otherhand, amusement, a presumably positive feeling, can be cruel,involving ridicule.I believe we must examine the specifics of eachemotional episode before we can tell whether it is pleasant orunpleasant for the person feeling it.The term happiness is problematic because, like unhappiness, it isn'tspecific enough.As we'll see in chapter 9, there are many differenthappy emotions.Amusement and relief, for example, are very differenthappy experiences, differing as much from each other as do fear andanger.The happy emotions don't have different facial expressions;they all share one type of smiling countenance.The different types ofhappiness may be revealed in the timing of this facial expression, butthe primary signal system for happy emotions is the voice, not the face.The voice is another emotion signal system, equal in importanceto facial expression but different in interesting ways.5 The face isalways observable unless a person leaves the scene, or a culture dic-tates the wearing of masks or veils, which is increasingly rare.Thevoice, though, is an intermittent system, which usually can be turnedoff completely at will.We can't really hide our face completely,although the wish to do so may be part of why people often prefer touse the telephone in place of having face-to-face communication.(Of course there are other benefits to the telephone: not having to beappropriately dressed, being able to do other things secretly while lis-tening to the other person, etc.).E-mail provides the further benefitof not even having to listen and be heard, no chance that the voicewould reveal an emotion, and not allowing an immediate reply orprotest.Some people try to achieve that by calling when they thinkthe recipient is not there so they can leave a message on an answeringmachine, but there is always the chance the recipient may pick up.While I do believe Silvan Tomkins was correct in saying thatthere is an impulse to make a sound whenever an emotion isaroused—a different sound for each emotion—people can easilysuppress those sounds.Yet once someone begins to talk, it is veryhard to keep signs of what is felt out of the voice.Very few of us can convincingly simulate the sound of an emo-tion we are not feeling.It takes an actor's skill, and often the actoraccomplishes the convincing vocal performance by creating theemotion itself, remembering a past event in his or her life.On theother hand, it is easier to put on an insincere facial expression, andmy research shows such expressions fool most people who have notpracticed identifying expressions.6 The voice rarely gives false emo-tional messages, although it gives no messages at all if the persondoesn't speak.The face more often than the voice gives false emo-tional messages, although it can never be totally turned off.Evenwhen listening and not speaking, a subtle sign of an expression mayleak out.The last way in which the vocal and facial signals differ is that thevoice captures our attention even when we are ignoring the personwho sends out the signal, while we must be paying attention to theperson to pick up facial expressions.If there were no vocal emo-tional signals, if it were only the face that signaled what emotion isfelt, caregivers would take serious risks whenever they went out ofsight of their infants.What trouble it would be always to have tomake a visual check to know an infant's emotional state.As it is, ababy's cry of hunger, pain, anger, fear, or joy can catch the attentionof the caregiver who is totally out of sight, and that offers caregiversthe opportunity to, in computer parlance, multitask, to do otherthings in other places as long as the infant's voice can reach them.Given the importance of the voice, it is regrettable that we knowso little, as compared to the face, about how it signals emotions.Mycolleague and sometimes partner in research Klaus Scherer is theleading scientist studying the voice and emotion.His work hasshown that the vocal signals of emotion are, like the face, universal [ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]

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